{"id":48434,"date":"2026-11-11T09:13:53","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T08:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/studiozunarelli.com\/nuove-regole-ue-sugli-imballaggi-incoterms-trasferimento-del-rischio-e-responsabilita-nei-contratti-di-vendita-internazionale\/"},"modified":"2026-11-11T09:19:49","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T08:19:49","slug":"new-eu-packaging-rules-incoterms-transfer-of-risk-and-liability-in-international-sale-of-goods-contracts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/studiozunarelli.com\/en\/new-eu-packaging-rules-incoterms-transfer-of-risk-and-liability-in-international-sale-of-goods-contracts\/","title":{"rendered":"New EU Packaging Rules: Incoterms, Transfer of Risk and Liability in International Sale of Goods Contracts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 introduces new obligations for economic operators, with significant implications for international sale of goods contracts. It is therefore essential to coordinate three distinct legal aspects: the transfer of risk, contractual liability for lack of conformity, and regulatory obligations concerning packaging.<\/p>\n

As of 12 August 2026, Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 on packaging and packaging waste (the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation<\/em> \u2013 PPWR) has become generally applicable, establishing a harmonised regulatory framework at EU level that will progressively replace the previous legislation.<\/p>\n

However, the application of individual provisions is subject to different implementation deadlines. In particular, Article 29 of the Regulation introduces, with effect from 1 January 2030, specific reuse targets for certain categories of transport packaging, subject to the conditions and exemptions laid down therein.<\/p>\n

The Regulation establishes requirements concerning the sustainability, composition, recyclability and reusability of packaging, as well as specific obligations for economic operators involved in placing packaging on the EU market and making it available on that market.<\/p>\n

The new framework also applies to industrial and commercial packaging, including packaging used to protect and handle goods in international sale transactions.<\/p>\n

These new requirements raise important issues from a contractual perspective, making it necessary to assess the relationship between the obligations introduced by the PPWR and the legal framework governing international sales of goods.<\/p>\n

Incoterms and the PPWR: Three Distinct Areas of Legal Responsibility<\/h2>\n

A particularly sensitive issue concerns the interaction between the new regulatory framework and the delivery terms commonly used in international sale of goods contracts (Sale and Purchase Agreements<\/em> \u2013 SPAs).<\/p>\n

The application of Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 to international sales of goods requires a distinction between three separate, albeit potentially interconnected, legal aspects.<\/p>\n

The first concerns the transfer of the risk of loss of or damage to the goods<\/strong>, which, as between seller and buyer, is governed by the sale contract and, where incorporated therein, the applicable Incoterms\u00ae rules.<\/p>\n

The second concerns contractual liability for the conformity of the contractual performance.<\/strong> The transfer of risk does not necessarily release the seller from liability for defects in the goods or their packaging attributable to a breach of its contractual obligations.<\/p>\n

In sales governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG), Article 35(2)(d) provides that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, goods must be contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where no such manner exists, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect them.<\/p>\n

The third concerns the regulatory obligations introduced by the PPWR.<\/strong> These obligations are imposed on economic operators according to the legal classifications and activities identified by the Regulation, irrespective of when the risk under the sale contract passes from seller to buyer.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, Article 36(1) of the CISG provides that the seller is liable for any lack of conformity existing at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even if that lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time.<\/p>\n

Consequently, the transfer of risk under an EXW (Ex Works<\/em>) clause, or any other Incoterms\u00ae rule, does not automatically release the seller from its contractual obligations, nor does it necessarily transfer to the buyer the obligations imposed by the PPWR.<\/p>\n

A similar need for coordination arises in relation to the contract of carriage, which constitutes a legal relationship distinct from the contract of sale.<\/p>\n

Incoterms\u00ae govern certain obligations, costs and risks as between seller and buyer, but they do not govern the contractual relationship with the carrier, nor do they automatically determine the carrier’s liability.<\/p>\n

Accordingly, the choice of a particular delivery term is not, in itself, sufficient to regulate all liabilities that may arise during the handling and carriage of goods, particularly where the seller is directly involved in loading operations.<\/p>\n

For further discussion of this issue, please see our previous article: EXW Contracts: Who Is Responsible for Loading Operations?<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Need for Specific Contractual Provisions<\/h2>\n

The new regulatory framework makes it advisable to review SPAs and general terms and conditions of sale, with particular attention to the coordination between delivery provisions, the seller’s contractual obligations and packaging compliance requirements.<\/p>\n

It is therefore increasingly important to include specific packaging compliance<\/em> clauses identifying the respective obligations of the seller and the buyer, addressing compliance with the applicable packaging requirements, the preparation and provision of relevant documentation, and the contractual consequences of any failure to comply with the applicable legislation.<\/p>\n

Particular attention should also be given to the rules governing reusable packaging, including obligations relating to its recovery, return and management, as well as to the inclusion of change in law<\/em> clauses in long-term supply agreements, given the phased application of the PPWR requirements.<\/p>\n

It should nevertheless be emphasised that such contractual provisions may allocate obligations and their financial consequences as between the parties, but cannot alter the responsibilities directly imposed by the PPWR on individual economic operators vis-\u00e0-vis the competent authorities.<\/p>\n

The application of Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 further highlights the need to coordinate the rules governing international sales of goods with the regulatory obligations affecting the placing of goods on the market.<\/p>\n

An appropriate allocation of risks and liabilities now requires three distinct legal aspects to be considered together, without conflating them: the transfer of risk under the sale contract, contractual liability for lack of conformity, and regulatory responsibilities arising under packaging legislation.<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this context, Incoterms\u00ae remain an essential instrument for defining the respective obligations of sellers and buyers. However, they cannot replace specific contractual provisions governing responsibilities relating to packaging and carriage.<\/p>\n

For companies engaged in international trade, it is therefore essential to review and, where necessary, update their contractual provisions in order to ensure a consistent allocation of obligations and liabilities and to prevent potential disputes.<\/p>\n

Avv. Iolanda Cavallo<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 iolanda.cavallo@studiozunarelli.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 introduces new obligations for economic operators, with significant implications for international sale of goods contracts. It is therefore essential to coordinate three distinct legal aspects: the transfer of risk, contractual liability for lack of conformity, and regulatory obligations concerning packaging. As of 12 August 2026, Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 on packaging and packaging […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":48435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[203],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-insights"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNew EU Packaging Rules: Incoterms, Transfer of Risk and Liability in International Sale of Goods Contracts - Studio Zunarelli<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/studiozunarelli.com\/en\/new-eu-packaging-rules-incoterms-transfer-of-risk-and-liability-in-international-sale-of-goods-contracts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New EU Packaging Rules: Incoterms, Transfer of Risk and Liability in International Sale of Goods Contracts - Studio Zunarelli\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Regulation (EU) 2025\/40 introduces new obligations for economic operators, with significant implications for international sale of goods contracts. 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